Cultural Heritage Sites
First Juderia (İkiçeşmelik District)
Synagogues
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Salomon de Ciaves, a Dutch immigrant of Portuguese origin, generously donated one of his spacious courtyard houses to the Jewish Community in Izmir in 1724. This donation served as the foundation for the establishment of a synagogue. In addition to providing the necessary religious books and sacred objects, Salomon de Ciaves also contributed neighboring houses and shops to generate income for the institution.
Over time, the synagogue came to be known as "Bikur Holim," which translates to "visiting the sick." This name may have originated from the period when the basement of the synagogue was used as a hospital during outbreaks of plagues or cholera, which were common in the city.
There are indications that the same basement may have also served as the Jewish Community's prison at some point. Sadly, the synagogue was destroyed by fire in 1772 but was reconstructed in 1800 by Manuel de Ciaves, a member of the same family.
Today, the synagogue stands as one of the most remarkable places of worship in Izmir. Its main prayer hall features a central plan design, a magnificent Tevah (prayer reading platform), and a beautifully adorned ceiling adorned with floral and fruit patterns. The columns are intricately painted in shades of green and yellow.
Overall, this synagogue showcases the rich history and architectural beauty that reflects the vibrant Jewish community in Izmir.
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In the 19th century, Rabbi Hayim Palachi (1788-1869) and his son Rabbi Abraham Palachi (1809-1899) emerged as prominent theologians within the Izmir Jewish Community. Their influence extended beyond Izmir and the Ottoman Empire, attracting Jewish theologians from Europe and the Middle East to visit Izmir.
Rabbi Hayim Palachi authored a remarkable collection of 72 books during his lifetime, 26 of which were published. In recognition of his contributions, he was honored with the prestigious "Theologian in Charge of Justice" medal by Sultan Abdulmecid in 1861.
The building that once served as a yeshiva, where Rabbi Hayim Palachi and his sons received their education, was transformed into a place of worship by Rabbi Abraham Palachi in 1840.
Today, the Bet Hillel Synagogue and the tomb of Rabbi Hayim Palachi in Gurcesme Cemetery, along with the Mikveh (purification pool), hold special significance as sacred sites cherished by Palachi's students. This collection of sites has become known as the "Diamond Triangle."
The legacy of Rabbi Hayim Palachi and Rabbi Abraham Palachi continues to inspire reverence and admiration, leaving a lasting impact on the theological landscape of Izmir and beyond.
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The Portugal Synagogue stands out among the synagogues in Izmir as the only one that bears the name of its founders, indicating their Portuguese origins. It is one of the six synagogues that existed during the tenure of Chief Rabbi Joseph Escapa in the 1620s, and it held the distinction of being the largest synagogue of its time in Izmir.
Throughout its history, the Portugal Synagogue has been witness to significant events, particularly during the 19th century when it became a focal point of Sabbatai Zvi's "messiah movement." Initially, the synagogue opposed Sabbatai Zvi, but as his movement gained momentum, the doors were closed to him. However, years later, Sabbatai and his followers stormed the synagogue, driving out the opposing rabbis and declaring the day as a liberation.
This incident marked a turning point as Sabbatai Zvi, who had proclaimed himself "the Messiah of the Jews," garnered new support and the Portugal Synagogue became the hub of the Sabbataist movement.
Sadly, the Portugal Synagogue suffered a devastating fire in 1976. However, in 2018, it underwent restoration and was revived as a center for social activities, preserving its historical significance for future generations.
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The Etz Hayim Synagogue, a resilient structure that has withstood multiple fires and earthquakes, endured significant damage in the fire of 1841. However, it was meticulously restored by Daniel de Sidi in 1851.
In the early twentieth century, the layout of the synagogue underwent a transformation inspired by European synagogue architecture. The Tevah, originally positioned at the center, was relocated to the sides of the Ehal (Torah cabinet).
Historical records indicate an intriguing aspect of the synagogue's past. A document attributed to Salomon Ben Ezra, who passed away in 1688, mentions that Muslim Turks performed prayers within the premises of Izmir's sole surviving synagogue. It is believed that this occurred during the Turkish conquest of Izmir, when there was a lack of mosques in the city.
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The Hevra Synagogue, known as the "Talmud Torah" in ancient times, has a rich history dating back to the period of Rabbi Joseph Escapa in the seventeenth century. Over the years, this synagogue has experienced multiple fires and subsequent reconstructions.
Following the fire in 1838, the building was reconstructed by Chelebi and Menahem Hacez brothers. However, it faced another devastating fire in 1841, leaving it in ruins for many years.
The Hevra Synagogue, designed with a central plan, exemplifies the typical architecture of Izmir synagogues. It features a Tevah (prayer reading platform), a triple Ehal (Torah cabinet) arrangement, and a Midrash (study hall). In its heyday, the synagogue housed a substantial collection of Sefer Torah (Torah scrolls), adding to its esteemed reputation.
Unfortunately, in 1999, the roof of the Hevra Synagogue collapsed. Although rescue efforts were completed in 2020, the restoration work for the synagogue is currently underway, aiming to restore this significant historical site to its former glory.
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Shalom Synagogue holds great historical significance as the synagogue where Chief Rabbi Joseph Escapa, who played a crucial role in organizing and leading the Jewish Community from 1620 onwards, served as a leader.
Rabbi Escapa was instrumental in providing religious education to Sabbatai Zvi in his youth. However, when Zvi proclaimed himself the "Messiah," Escapa took the lead in expelling him from Izmir.
Remarkably, Shalom Synagogue remained unharmed during the devastating fire of 1841. It stands as one of the most authentic synagogues in Izmir, characterized by its intricately engraved ceiling, floral cushioned sofas along the walls, and an interior reminiscent of a typical Anatolian house. Although originally designed with a central plan, the Tevah (prayer reading platform) was relocated in front of the wall opposite the Ehal (Torah ark) in 1939.
Shalom Synagogue continues to be a cherished symbol of the Jewish community's heritage in Izmir, preserving its historical and architectural significance.
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The Algazi Synagogue, believed to have been built by Ishak Algazi in 1724 based on the inscription at its entrance, holds a significant place in Izmir's history. However, there are claims suggesting that the synagogue may have existed as early as the 17th century and even had connections with Sabbatai Zvi in 1666.
The synagogue's basement floor served as a Midrash, functioning as a study hall, and a place where Asara Batlanim (ten old men) devotedly prayed for the welfare of the country and its people throughout the day. It was also used to store unused scriptures and religious objects, which were eventually buried according to Jewish traditions.
Ishak Ben Salomon Algazi, a member of the esteemed Algazi Family known for producing prominent rabbis, is associated with the Algazi Synagogue. Born in 1889, Ishak Algazi received his education at Yeshiva Bet Hillel and became a Hazan (cantor) at the Algazi Synagogue, following in the footsteps of his ancestors. He gained recognition as one of the most important composers of religious, secular, and classical Turkish music.
The Algazi Synagogue stands as a testament to the rich history and cultural contributions of the Algazi family, leaving a lasting impact on the Izmir Jewish community and the world of music.
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Situated in the bustling Kemeraltı Bazaar and the old Jewish quarter of Izmir, this synagogue held two significant names. Referred to as "Orahim" in Hebrew and "Foresteros" in Spanish, meaning "foreigners" or "guests" in both languages, it welcomed and accommodated new Jewish immigrants who joined the local Jewish community. Constructed in the 17th century, the synagogue served as a vital hub until it was tragically destroyed by a fire. While its original function as a place of worship ceased, the synagogue's courtyard took on a new role as a kosher poultry slaughterhouse, where atonement offerings were made in preparation for the sacred day of Yom Kippur.
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The synagogue endured several fires during the 17th century, and ultimately met its destruction in the devastating fire of 1841. However, it was reconstructed through the generous contributions of Moiz Bengiat Yerushalmi.
The architectural layout of the synagogue indicates a notable transformation from a central plan to a dual Tevah (prayer reading platform) design. The Ehal, adorned with Torah verses on its doors, showcases the distinct triple composition unique to Izmir synagogues.
Traditionally, it was believed that the synagogue was funded by Donna Gracia Nassi, a woman of Portuguese origin (1510-1569). However, recent research has unveiled that it was actually donated by a lady named Lea in 1664, who made the decision to immigrate from Izmir to the "holy lands."
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Havra Street, named after the numerous synagogues in its immediate vicinity, thrived as a vibrant shopping center specializing in the production and sale of kosher food. The Jewish community in İzmir relied on this bustling street to fulfill a significant portion of their dietary requirements, including meat, fish, chicken, yogurt, cheese, and eggs. In adherence to their beliefs, the Jews sourced these essential food items from Havra Street. The street also served as a hub for the production of wine, adhering strictly to the rules of kosher.
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The Rabbinate building, constructed in 1840, was generously supported by the Rothschild family of Vienna. It occupies a prominent position within a spacious garden, enclosed by protective walls, in what was once known as Hahambasi (Chief Rabbi) Street. Functioning as the administrative headquarters of the Chief Rabbinate of Izmir, the building played a crucial role in the Jewish community.
Adjacent to the Rabbinate, a bakery was established specifically for the production of unleavened bread, meeting the dietary requirements of the Jewish community during the Passover holiday. The Rabbinate also housed the central library and Yeshiva (theological school) of the Jewish community of Izmir. It served as the central hub for all official community affairs, providing a centralized location for meetings and administrative transactions.
Unfortunately, in 1997, the Rabbinate was vacated, and over time, the building has fallen into disrepair. Today, its roof has collapsed, and the walls have suffered distortion, standing as a testament to its former glory.
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The Sephardic Jews migrated to the Ottoman Empire from the Iberian Peninsula, bringing with them their unique lifestyles, domestic architecture, and rich culture. In Izmir, they settled in the Ikicesmelik district, where they built houses known as "family houses" or "Kortijos" in Spanish, and locally referred to as "Yahudhane" (Jewish house).
The Kortijos served as a synthesis of their Iberian Peninsula heritage, incorporating the architectural style and layout they had developed there. These houses featured a central courtyard with a fountain or well, serving as a gathering space and surrounded by rooms for various purposes.
Located in the heart of the initial Jewish settlement in Izmir, the Kortijos became synonymous with the city's culinary culture, as they became the meeting place for indulging in local delicacies such as "boyoz" and "subiye" (a melon seed-based beverage). Over time, they evolved into iconic symbols of Izmir, deeply ingrained in the hearts of its residents.
Beyond their architectural significance, the family houses or Kortijos also fostered a sense of togetherness and provided a secure environment for the Jewish community. With the two-story building units encircling the central courtyard, these dwellings created an introverted and intimate atmosphere, offering privacy within a minority society.
Unfortunately, the number of Kortijos has significantly declined over the years. Despite there being 27 Kortijos in 1982, only a handful of them, approximately 5 or 6, have survived to the present day. Nonetheless, these remaining structures stand as cherished remnants of Jewish heritage, preserving the historical and cultural legacy of the Sephardic Jews in Izmir.
Second Juderia (Karataş District)
Synagogues
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During the mid-19th century, the emerging Jewish bourgeoisie in Izmir sought to establish a new residential area away from the traditional Jewish quarters. This led to the founding of Karatas district, situated along the southern coast and hills of the bay. As the population grew in this area, the existing synagogues became inadequate to meet the community's needs.
To address this, an application was made to Sultan Abdulhamid II to construct a new and larger synagogue. The construction of Bet Israel Synagogue commenced on March 15, 1905, following the Sultan's decree, and it was opened for prayer in 1907. However, due to economic difficulties, the internal decoration of the synagogue was delayed, and it was not completed until 1950.
Bet Israel Synagogue stands as a grand and ceremonial masterpiece, distinct from the conventional Izmir style in its architectural design and seating arrangement. Unlike the central plan typically seen in Izmir synagogues, Bet Israel features a double Tevah arrangement from its inception. The placement of the Ehal, housing the Torah scrolls, deviates from the eastern wall and is instead positioned along the southern wall, influenced by the plot's location.
Originally intended to have a large dome, economic constraints led to the construction of a smaller central dome. The intricate woodwork of Bet Israel Synagogue, reminiscent of Italian synagogues, was crafted using mahogany by skilled Italian artisans.
Bet Israel Synagogue is a two-storey structure, with the ground floor designated for men's prayer and the upper floor serving as the women's section. Presently, the upper floor accommodates a small exhibition hall showcasing religious artifacts, documents, and photographs.
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The Rosh A'har Synagogue, meaning "top of the mountain," was constructed in the 1890s. During that era, the region acquired this name due to its sparsely populated nature, with only a handful of single-story houses in the immediate vicinity.
Originally established as a small synagogue on the upper street of Halil Rıfat Paşa Street, which was largely vacant at the time, its purpose was to meet the religious needs of the Jewish population migrating from the old Jewish Quarter to the new one.
The synagogue's architectural design follows a central plan, harmoniously blending the essence of tradition and modernity. Its distinctive features include carefully curated landscaping, an inviting entrance area, and a charming garden, creating a serene and welcoming atmosphere.
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Established in 1914, the Jewish Hospital in İzmir was founded through the generous donation of a mansion by Nesim Levi (Bayraklı) to the İzmir Jewish Community, exclusively for hospital purposes. Additional houses adjoining the three-story main building were also acquired, leading to the construction of a spacious hospital in the New Jewish Quarter. This marked a revival of the Jewish Hospital's journey, which had originally commenced in 1827 within the Old Jewish Quarter and underwent changes in ownership until 1911.
The Historical Elevator, also constructed by Nesim Levi (Bayraklı), provided income for the hospital until its sale in 1942. In 1962, the Nursing Home, previously situated in the Old Jewish Quarter, was relocated to one of the hospital's supplementary buildings. Notably, the Obstetrics Clinic, established in 1950, propelled the Karataş Jewish Hospital to widespread recognition in İzmir and the neighboring provinces, ultimately evolving it into a comprehensive medical facility in 1988.
However, in 2013, the hospital faced economic challenges, prompting the transfer of its management and operation to another private health institution. Despite this change, the Jewish Hospital remains a testament to its enduring legacy of providing dedicated healthcare services to the İzmir community.
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Nesim Levi Bayraklı, a Jewish businessman, constructed the Elevator in 1907 to overcome the topographic barrier between Mithatpaşa Street (at sea level) and Halil Rifat Paşa Street (at the hilltop) in İzmir. Prior to its construction, navigating the area required either a long walk or ascending 155 stairs. The public street elevator tower, featuring two water-driven lift cabins, revolutionized transportation by facilitating pedestrian traffic and contributing to the city's progress.
The historical Elevator offers a captivating experience, with its upper promenade providing an unrivaled view of the Gulf of İzmir. At the foot of the Elevator, one can explore a charming old street named after Dario Moreno, a renowned international singer and a proud native of İzmir. Together, these features create an enchanting setting that showcases both the city's rich history and its stunning natural surroundings.
